The Role Of Social Media And Networking - 1586 Words

The Role of Social Media/Networking in Conversations about Race We are in an age where email, text, and social media have become the preferred method of communication. Social media has given a powerful voice to people from all around the world when it comes to conversations. It has given people the idea to create, share or exchange information, pictures, videos in many virtual communities. Many people’s minds have been influenced by the different social media that they have evolved their entire lives on it. People nowadays cannot go a day without using the internet not even for a few seconds. You see people on the streets, while driving, during lectures in class, and basically just about anywhere using their electronics to communicate. Social media has both pros and cons. The pros about social media is when it is used as a tool to communicate, to get your news, other important information, and to amplify voices and the cons about it is that some people misuse it to hurt others by bullying and discriminating people. The purpose for this research is to inform about how social media influences conversations about race, how they start, how they are facilitated, the impacts, and what the perceptions about it are. Social media can play an essential part in conversations about race because it has become the most abroad form of communication. Racism, as we all know, has been an issue for quite some time now and unfortunately, it continues to do so. Therefore, social media canShow MoreRelatedNarcissistic Personality Disorder ( Npd )1612 Words   |  7 Pagesinclude: How does social media effect society? How does social media have an effect on someone diagnosed with NPD, What are ways you can help someone with NPD, and what are some ways we can conclude that someone may have NPD on social networking sites? Social media is what’s hot right now and someone diagnosed with NPD will only get wrapped up in its web and will be negatively impacted by it. The main focus of my research to further my knowledge includes: The risk factors social media have on someoneRead MoreUse of Technology in Election Campaigns1443 Words   |  6 PagesRole of Internet in 2008 Social media Social media played a vital role in 2008 U.S. President Elections. Using of Social networking websites like Facebook, Twitter, You tube was adapted by the political parties and influenced them to use social media in order to reach people effectively in U.S. Presidential Elections in 2008 has changed the way of campaigning and expressing effectively. Digital technology allowed leaders to interact with voters, transforming the campaigning totally into a new levelRead MoreFacebook is one of the most famous social networking services and websites. It launched in February700 Words   |  3 Pages Facebook is one of the most famous social networking services and websites. It launched in February 2004, and it is operated and privately owned by Facebook. As of July 2011, Facebook has more than 800 million active users. People spend a great deal of time sharing private videos and pointless status updates on their profile. We cannot deny the fact that facebook has helped many people learn and stay connected with each other, and has helped to make the world more progressive towards becoming oneRead MoreRole of Social Media1138 Words   |  5 PagesRole of social media Social media plays an essential role in our daily life. When it comes to the problem that if people should keep records or experiences by exposing photos on social networking sites, their opinions vary from person to person. In the following paragraphs, this popular controversy will be addressed as both position is thoroughly analyzed. The invention of social media has pulled people together, building strong social connections, making the world smaller, and enabling peopleRead MoreAs The World Is Growing, The Social Media Network Is Growing1721 Words   |  7 Pagesworld is growing, the social media network is growing vastly and rapidly as well. We have various social media sites present in the world among which some of the widely used are Facebook, Instagram, YouTube and Twitter. Similarly, if we investigate, there would more other social media sites that the people have been using in their daily life. Social networking sites which are part of social media are playing a very vital role for the companies and their growth. Social networking sites are helping theRead MoreLiterature Review : A Research Essay1741 Words   |  7 Pagesimportant role in aiding a researcher to achieve better outcomes by arranging his study in line with current trends. The literature review also gives the researcher some ideas about what to expect in their personal researches so that they can be better prepared for the study. 2.2 Technological Developments and Social Networking Sites When Hartshorne, Ajjan, and Cao (2016) conducted their study, they observed that there has been a significant increase in the number of social networking websites todayRead MoreCan Social Media Improve Literacy And Communication Skills?1021 Words   |  5 Pagestwo-thirds surf the website weekly, 55% read emails, and 46% blogs. (Clark) The biggest question is, â€Å"Can social media improve literacy and communication skills?† Young individuals are more attracted to the freedom they receive from the social networking sites, text messaging, and blogs. The use of social networking sites and blogs are a new form of literature. The growth of the usage of social networking sites is surely increasing. It is inevitable to see that in plain sight, college students constantlyRead MoreThe Flight From Conversation, By Sherry Turkle850 Words   |  4 PagesSocial networking is a way for people to communicate, spread news, and advertise. Social networking has changed the way people interact. As young adults, we tend to spend many hours on social media sites such as, Instagram, Facebook, and twitter. As people spend a large amount of time on social media, Interaction with other people has become effortless and they experience less face-to- face conversations. Social media plays such a big role in our everyday lives that some people cannot imagine notRead MoreSocial Media And Its Impact On Society1654 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: Social Media Social Media is an interaction between people where they create, share or an express their ideas and thoughts. It has also been defined as a group of web based applications which help in growing up the technological foundation of the internet. Social networking tools such as Twitter, Facebook, Google plus, BlogSpot, Youtube, Myspace and Wikipedia, and numerous additional technologies which can be considered as social media are changing the way of communication among theRead MoreSocial Media Networking Technologies826 Words   |  3 PagesSocial Media Networking Technologies Introduction The potential of social media to significantly improve the performance of enterprises by accelerating collaboration, communication and creating a greater level of knowledge sharing is seen across a myriad of commercial, educational and government implementations. The intent of this analysis is to evaluate the use of two social networking technologies that the university can use to accelerate and accentuate their learning objects. The strengths

North Korea and Human Rights Abuses - 1692 Words

Introduction In the wake of the inquiry into North Korea’s Human Rights Abuses published in February 2014 by the United Nations Human Rights Council, there has been a large global focus on the abuses of human rights by the rogue state. The inquiry, which compares the North Korean regime to that of Nazi Germany (Kirby, Darusman, and Biserko, 2014), has generated widespread global discussion about the conditions within the totalitarian state, and for the international community it is difficult to dismiss the considerable injustices that the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea’s (DPRKs) citizens are suffering under the current North Korean regime. North Korea is a state frozen in time, devoid of any recent social, economical and technological advances, and their inveterate abuse of human rights is widespread and deeply ingrained in their society. Despite the recent global focus of North Koreas human rights abuses, some claim that human rights conditions in the DPRK have been gradually improving (Lankov, 2013. b.). If this is the case, why was their need for such a recent inquiry into an improving situation? The investigation into the early 2014 focus will attempt to consider the issue from both a realist and liberal point of view. The main actors national interest in relation to the United Nations (UN) report will be explored to determine if an explanation for the global focus can arise, looking purposely at the People’s Republic of China, the Democratic People’s Republic ofShow MoreRelatedThe Collapse Of North Korean State Essay1285 Words   |  6 Pagespossibility of the collapse of the North Korean state in the next 5-7 years by examining the influence and impact of relevant geopolitical factors/conditions. As one of the most antagonizing countries, North Korea seems to find the wrath of the United Nations more frequently than any other sovereign nation. The country’s human rights abuses and violations of international law have led the international community to impose heavy trade sanctions with North Korea (cite). While the country attemptsRead MoreEssay on North Korea: Hope for the Helpless1219 Words   |  5 Pages.(Michael Kirby). North Korea, an isolated country that has been known for it nuclear weapons program is now entering the news, but for the reason of abuse of citizens and threats of attacks internationally that have caused alarm. North Korean citizens should be receiving help because of the countries history with citizens, and now evidence of abuse, even with the threats coming from the countries goverment. In 1905 Korea was annexed by Japan until it was split and the North was taken under SovietRead MoreNorth Korean Human Rights Violations 1162 Words   |  5 PagesThe cruel and unruly torture that is done to the prisoners in North Korean concentration camps, are a reminder of the horrors that occurred during the holocaust by the Nazis and other Axis power. In these North Korean prison camps many prisoners die because of mistreatment, and lack of supplies; The United States and South Korea have estimated around 200,000 people imprisoned within many of these North Korean concentration camps. There is also an estimated 400,000 people who have died in these concentrationRead MoreThe Two Koreas and the Responsibility of the International Community761 Words   |  3 PagesEast Asian region nor the American powers. In an increasingly globalized world, the challenges to human rights and world peace is a transnational responsibility. It is a concern for the entire international community, p articularly in this case as the commission has mentioned, because of the international community’s past involvement in the division of the Korean peninsula (United Nations Human Rights Council 16). Yet, it appears that despite what we have learned from history, such as the horrificRead MoreThe Democratic People s Republic Of Korea1230 Words   |  5 PagesDemocratic People’s Republic of Korea, also known as North Korea, is the northern half of Korea, after its separation. After Japan’s defeat in World War II, Korea was liberated from the Japanese military regulation. Communism became strongly established in the North, due to Soviet Union’s influence after the liberation from Japan. This resulted in the emergence of Kim Il-Sung, who, in 1948, ended up becoming the first premier of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. Meanwhile, the United NationsRead MoreThe Overall Public Of North Korea1326 Words   |  6 Pagesplanet. The overall public of North Korea is denied even the most crucial benefits of free speech, free improvement, and information opportunity, in light of the way that the choice composes organization survival over all else. They use a brutally harsh course of action of political control to ensure their authority over society, using extreme measures including total order, open executions, and political correctional facility camps. Additionally, 25% of youths in North Korea are unendingly malnourishedRead MoreThe Democratic People s Republic Of Korea1328 Words   |  6 PagesThe Democratic People’s Republic of Korea is a nation of isolation and mystery. I will be looking at the atmosphere of North Korean Human rights, whether it is defined by its culture or is the culture what defines the countries human rights. Are the practices culturally viable and how do the human rights of the democratic people’s republic of Korea compare to human rights as defined by American culture? â€Å"Little is known about North Korea in the United States, or in the world for that matter; exceptRead MoreThe Bloody Tear: North Korea ´s Utopic Society966 Words   |  4 Pagesthousands of years, humans have been struggling to maintain a utopic society. However, there have been many conflicts of humanity and universal peace. During the genesis of many nations, numerous people fought and sweated blood to achieve their natural human rights. For instance, United States of America, within the 200 years, went through many significant historical events, shaping it into a nation of reserved civil rights for all people. Today, North Korea may be noticeably the most rights-deprived nationRead MoreHow Does It Undermine The Executive Branch In International Affairs?791 Words   |  4 PagesThe Senate of the United States has passed a bill to sanction Russia, North Korea and Iran. Not only was this bill quickly passes without much debate but, this bill was described by most politicians as â€Å"veto proof†. For Russia, the new law limits President Trump’s authority to unilaterally waive most sanctions without the approval of congress. This bill essentially lowers the power of the executive branch. How does this undermine the Executive branch in international affairs? â€Å"This law directlyRead MoreEscape From Camp 141505 Words   |  7 Pagesinside a concentration camp in North Korea. Within Camp 14, the imprisoned families and individuals struggle through the severe realities that the North Korea government establishes. These laws and rights formed by the government and given to the citizens affect their human rights by violating their political, economic and also by treating them with unfair punishments. In the lawless land of North Korean, laws are just for decorative and show that the North Korea government knows what they are

compare and contrast of Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson

Compare and Contrast of the Presidency of Woodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt By HIS 204 American History since 1865 Instructor: Kathleen Scarpena November 25, 2013 Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson are two of America’s most celebrated presidents during the 20th century. Theodore Roosevelt who was a Republican had a military background and created the American conservation movement. Theodore Roosevelt was also once shot by an would be assassin and still managed to give his speech. Roosevelt was famous by his quote â€Å"It takes more than one to kill a moose.† On the other had Woodrow Wilson who is a Democrat formed the idea of preserve peace. The stories about these men are the stories that are taught in our†¦show more content†¦As you can see these men were great in office they made sure that they fought for the American people to live in a society free of poverty. After reading over my information and locating articles t help me understand what these two men life in the office was like, I came to realize that Theodore Roosevelt was a person who wasn’t afraid to get involved in the wars and fight for his people what was right. Wilson was a more educated person a man that was more for the federal government. Woodrow Wilson belief was more for the economy and making sure that the American people was being treated fairly and the business was not being corrupted. In my opinion, I think that these two presidents was and should be considered the best president during the 20th century all because they fought for their people and made sure that the vompleted their duties while in office. References Bowles, M. (2011). AmericanHisotry 1865-present: End of Isolation, San Diego, CA: Bridgeport Education, Inc. www.UShistory.orgShow MoreRelatedCompare And Contrast Theodore Roosevelt And The Progressive Era755 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the Progressive Era, two presidents, Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson, were very essential and celebrated during their time. Roosevelt became president in 1901 and was probably one of the most influential Republicans ever to have power over the American people (â€Å"Theodore Roosevelt.†). Being a democrat, Woodrow Wilson ran his campaign in a very different way than President Roosevelt. He became president in 1913 and was easily one of the best presidents the United States ever had, leadingRead MoreTheodore Roosevelt s President Of The United States Essay854 Words   |  4 Pages Theodore â€Å"Teddy† Roosevelt was the president of the United States during the time of 1901 to 1909. He was vice president during William McKinley’s term. When McKinley was assassinated in 1901 by Leon Czolgosz, Roosevelt had to step up. He was a Repu blican, but his foundations were more progressive. This plays a part in why he did not get the Republican nomination in the year 1912. He lost the nomination to his handpicked successor Taft, who had run as president in the previous term (1909-1913).Read MoreAPUSH Essays1633 Words   |  7 Pagesfollowing to Secretary of State John Hay’s view that the Spanish American War was â€Å"a splendid little war†; William Jennings Bryan, Theodore Roosevelt, Alfred Thayer Mahan, Emilio Aguinaldo When Secretary of State John Hay stated that the Spanish American War was a â€Å"splendid little war†, he received mixed responses from people such as William Jennings Bryan, Theodore Roosevelt, Alfred Thayer Mahan, and Emilio Aguinaldo. Some people of the Philippines, especially the nationalist leader Emilio AguinaldoRead MoreAll The King s Men By Robert Penn Warren889 Words   |  4 Pagespersonal story of Jack as the latter comes to realize his responsibility for the world around him. The insight that this book gives on politician life’s can compare and contrast history events thought the different themes like visions of America, alcohol, politics, and education. To begin, the theme of the visions of America is used to compare and constant history events. The U.S. s history of slavery continues to trouble generations of Americans and impacts Americans view of themselves. The bookRead MoreThe Between 1877 And 1920 Essay1519 Words   |  7 Pageson the other hand, used the strategy of â€Å"vertical integration† which came about with Andrew Carnegie in 1873. 2. How did American Imperialism near the turn of the 20th century represent a new Manifest Destiny? How did Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and Woodrow Wilson bring the progressive movement to their respective foreign policy initiatives? American Imperialism represented a new Manifest Destiny in several ways. For one thing, it wasn’t limited to the American continent. AmericaRead MoreTheodore Roosevelt vs Woodrow Wilson Essay880 Words   |  4 PagesCompare and contrast the foreign policies of Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson. Which do you think was a more effective president? Why? In foreign affairs, the white mans burden helped to justify Roosevelts New Imperialism in foreign policy. Uncivilized nations would gain eventual independence once they had conformed to the American model of government and democracy. Roosevelts corollary to the Monroe Doctrine set up the U.S. as policeman in the western hemisphere. Under TR, theRead MoreStudy Guide for US History Essay3594 Words   |  15 Pages2nd Quarter on, you are to write both a detailed outline and the essay with it. The date listed will be the day the assignment is due. September 16, 2009 Compare the cultures that could be found in the New World prior to the Europeans. Why were some groups more advanced than others throughout the same region? September 17, 2009 Compare the experience of the French, Spanish, and English in colonizing the New World. What common perception of the region did they share? Discuss the differencesRead MoreBoyer Dbq Teacher Guide10764 Words   |  44 Pagesyour students have not mastered the expository essay form, you may want to try a simpler activity that will require them to use these documents. You could pose a quiz question requiring them to compare the New England and Chesapeake colonies including the information in Documents D and E. Or they could compare the Spanish and French efforts using the information in Documents B and D. Another possibility would be a jigsaw activity using these documents. Divide your class into four groups and assign studentsRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagestransformations in where humans lived, how they earned their livings, and their unprecedented ability to move about the globe. Moya and McKeown set the patterns of migration in the twentieth century against those extending back millennia, and they compare in imaginative ways the similarities and differences among diverse flows in different geographical areas and across ethnic communities and social strata. They consider not only the nature, volume, and direction of migrant movements motivated primarily

Sociological perspective from the blues brothers Essay Example For Students

Sociological perspective from the blues brothers Essay Sociology in The Blues Brothers The Blues Brothers is a movie with hilarious comedy and nonstop action. The two main characters are Jake and Elwood Blues. These brothers have consistently been in trouble with the law but find themselves searching for redemption. The quest begins when the Blues brothers set out to find and re-enlist the members of their old band. Unfortunately, for the Blues brothers, the other band members have steady jobs that they will not easily give up. The manipulative Jake and Elwood Blues soon convince them to come along. Finally, the band is together and they can begin to raise the money needed to save their childhood home, an orphanage. The Blues brothers may be classified as a sub-culture. A sub-culture may be defined as a group that participates within the dominant culture, while engaging in original and different behavior. One scene that demonstrates this behavior is when Jake and Elwood Blues try to re-enlist Matt Guitar Murphy. The brothers step into the soul food restaurant. An observant customer would notice the original attire of the brothers. Their clothes of black pants, black shoes, black tie and hat, and a plain white shirt. The outfit is not complete without their black sunglasses. Some would not consider this a type of specialized dress but the Blues brothers have not changed this outfit for countless years. Their clothing separates them from the norms of society and reflects their blunt behavior. A semiotic viewpoint could leave you with endless possibilities for the reasoning behind their dress. To prove that they are responsible, willing to conform, or businesslike. The meaning behind the message is hard to decipher. It could simply be a look for their band. The only attachment to their dress is the significant other that cared for them in the orphanage. This significant other, played by Cab Calloway, dressed exactly the same. So their specialized dress may show their loyalty, commitment, faith, and love for Cab Calloway. When Ray Charles plays the keyboard and sings Shake A Tail Feather one may find a simple example of semantics. In this scene the band members are considering the purchase of a keyboard from Rays music shop. To try to get a cheap deal they tell Ray that the keyboard is out of tune. Ray proves the keyboard is in excellent condition by giving an outstanding performance of his song Shake A Tail Feather. Meanwhile, there are people cheering and dancing to the song. They do this in conjunction with the lyrics of the song showing an obvious connection between verbal and non-verbal communication. The hidden message is well received and the Blues brothers purchase the keyboard at full price. Jake Blues may be classified as an aggressive neurotic. Throughout the movie Jake Blues claims that there is nothing to worry about and that he has everything in control. Religion has a big part for this idealized image. This scene is at a gospel church with James Brown acting as the reverend. James Brown gives a tantalizing and hypnotic sermon that opens Jake Blues to the light of God. So the misguided Blues brothers achieved a mission from God and will conquer all obstacles to complete their task, which is to save the orphanage. This mission from God feeds into the aggressive neurotic behavior of Jake Blues. Now that the Blues brothers have gone through this rite of passage they redeem themselves worthy of existence and know they can not fail. Unable to make a mistake because the Lord is on their side. This revelation characterizes a sense of their ideal world. A feministic viewpoint of The Blues Brothers would likely be negative. .u67ffd93de86ed851bb683ec58e3239a5 , .u67ffd93de86ed851bb683ec58e3239a5 .postImageUrl , .u67ffd93de86ed851bb683ec58e3239a5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u67ffd93de86ed851bb683ec58e3239a5 , .u67ffd93de86ed851bb683ec58e3239a5:hover , .u67ffd93de86ed851bb683ec58e3239a5:visited , .u67ffd93de86ed851bb683ec58e3239a5:active { border:0!important; } .u67ffd93de86ed851bb683ec58e3239a5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u67ffd93de86ed851bb683ec58e3239a5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u67ffd93de86ed851bb683ec58e3239a5:active , .u67ffd93de86ed851bb683ec58e3239a5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u67ffd93de86ed851bb683ec58e3239a5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u67ffd93de86ed851bb683ec58e3239a5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u67ffd93de86ed851bb683ec58e3239a5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u67ffd93de86ed851bb683ec58e3239a5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u67ffd93de86ed851bb683ec58e3239a5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u67ffd93de86ed851bb683ec58e3239a5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u67ffd93de86ed851bb683ec58e3239a5 .u67ffd93de86ed851bb683ec58e3239a5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u67ffd93de86ed851bb683ec58e3239a5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Politics In Gilded Age Essay The female characters are portrayed as dependent women who are easily manipulated. Throughout the movie a young lady, Carrie Fischer, attempts to kill the Jake Blues. She never catches up to Jake until after the big performance that saves the orphanage. Jake Blues and his brother find themselves staring down the muzzle of an automatic weapon. We learn that the assailant is Jakes ex-fianc who he left at the altar. The audience is given the portrayal of a tense woman bent on revenge. To save .

Osteogenesis Imperfecta Essay Example For Students

Osteogenesis Imperfecta Essay Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a rare genetic disorder of collagen synthesis associated with broad spectrum of musculoskeletal problems, most notably bowing and fractures of the extremities, muscle weakness, laxity in the ligaments, and spinal deformities.(Binder, 386). Other collagen-containing skeletal tissues, such as the sclerae, the teeth, and the heart valves are also affected to a variable degree. OI has a common feature of bony fragility associated with defective formation of collagen by osteoblasts and fibroblasts(Smith, 1983, 13). This disease, involving defective development of the connective tissues, is usually the result of the autosomal dominant gene, but can also be the result of the autosomal recessive gene. Spontaneous mutations are common and the clinical presentation of the disease remains to be quite broad (Binder, 386). OI is most commonly referred to as brittle bones,† but other names include: fragilitas ossium, hypolasia of the mesenchyme, and osteopsath yrosis. Osteogenesis imperfecta is still not completely understood, and while there has been advances in diagnosing the disease, treatment is still limited. We will write a custom essay on Osteogenesis Imperfecta specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Osteogenesis imperfecta is the result of mutations in the genes that code for type I collagen. In the mild dominantly inherited form of OI (type I), a non-functional allele for the alpha 1 (I) chain halves collagen synthesis, (Smith, 1995, 169) and is largely responsible for the inheritance. Single base mutations in the codon for glycine causes lethal (type II) OI by wrecking the formation of the collagen triple helix. Types III and IV are the less dramatic outcomes of similar glycine mutations in either the alpha 1 (I) or the alpha 2(I) chains (Smith, 169). The clinical signs can be caused from defective osteoblastic activity and defective mesenchymal collagen (embryonic connective tissue) and its derivatives, such as sclerae, bones, and ligaments. The reticulum fails to differentiate into mature collagen or the collagen develops abnormally. This causes immature and coarse bone formation and thinning (Loeb, 755). The signs and symptoms of OI vary greatly depending on the type. The most commonly used classification is the Sillence (type I to IV). Type I is the mildest form of OI and is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. The sclerae (middle coat of eyeball) is distinctly blue. Type I is broken down into IA and IB the difference being whether dentinogenesis is present. IA has a life expectancy nearly the same as the general public. The physical activity is limited, and may appear to have no disability at all. The bones have a mottled or worm like appearance, forming small islands (Isselbacher, 2111). Type II is lethal in utero or shortly there afterbirth. The survivors live from just a few hours to several months. The karyotypes of parents are usually normal. This type is broken down into three subgroups: IIA is characterized by a broad, crumpled femora and continuos rib beading, IIB by minimal to no rib fractures, and IIC by a thin femora and ribs with extensive fracturing. While in the uterus, there is poor fetal movement, low fetal weight, poor ossification of the fetal skeleton, hypoplastic lungs, the long bones of the upper and lower limbs are shortened or deformed, and the head is soft. Intrauterine fractures occur, and death is usually from intracranial hemorrhaging due to vessel fragility or respiratory distress from pulmonary hypoplasia. The bones and other tissues are extremely fragile, and massive injuries occur in utero or delivery. The ribs appear beaded or broken and the long bones crumpled (Isselbacher, 2111). Type III and IV is intermediate in severity between typ es I and II. Type III differs from I in its greater severity and from IV in that it increases in severity with age. It can be inherited as either an autosomal recessive or dominant trait. The sclerae is only slightly bluish in infancy and white in adulthood, although the average life expectancy is 25 years. Type IV is always dominant. With types III and IV multiple fractures from minor physical stress occurs leading to progressive and severe deformities. Kyphoscoliosis (curvature of the spine) may cause respiratory impairment and predisposition to pulmonary infections. Popcorn-like deposits of mineral appear on the ends of long bones (Isselbacher, 2111). The symptoms of OI (types I, III, and IV) can appear when the child begins to walk, and decreases with age. The tendency of bone fracture decreases and often disappears after puberty. Later in life, particularly during pregnancy and after menopause, more fractures occur. The bones are usually slender with short, thin cortices and tr abeculae (fibers of framework), but can also be unusually thin (Smith, 1983, 136). Narrow diaphysis of the long bones increases the number of fractures and bowing deformities. Scoliosis is common. The haversian cells are poorly developed. The bones lack minerals needed to form bone matrix. Epiphyseal fractures (end of the bone) results in deformities and stunted growth (dwarfism). Osteopenia, the decrease in bone mass, is symptomatic. .uc165a1d28f65be786aa7c679d2796139 , .uc165a1d28f65be786aa7c679d2796139 .postImageUrl , .uc165a1d28f65be786aa7c679d2796139 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc165a1d28f65be786aa7c679d2796139 , .uc165a1d28f65be786aa7c679d2796139:hover , .uc165a1d28f65be786aa7c679d2796139:visited , .uc165a1d28f65be786aa7c679d2796139:active { border:0!important; } .uc165a1d28f65be786aa7c679d2796139 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc165a1d28f65be786aa7c679d2796139 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc165a1d28f65be786aa7c679d2796139:active , .uc165a1d28f65be786aa7c679d2796139:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc165a1d28f65be786aa7c679d2796139 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc165a1d28f65be786aa7c679d2796139 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc165a1d28f65be786aa7c679d2796139 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc165a1d28f65be786aa7c679d2796139 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc165a1d28f65be786aa7c679d2796139:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc165a1d28f65be786aa7c679d2796139 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc165a1d28f65be786aa7c679d2796139 .uc165a1d28f65be786aa7c679d2796139-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc165a1d28f65be786aa7c679d2796139:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Effect of agriculture on our environment EssayOther signs of OI include hyperextensibility of the joints (double-jointedness) and abnormally thin almost translucent skin. Discolored (blue-gray or yellow-brown) and malformed teeth which break easily and are cavity prone are found in most patients. Patients with OI have a triangular-shaped head and face, a bilaterally bulging skull, and prominent eyes with a wide distance between the temporal region (Loeb, 755). Hearing loss by the age of 30-40 is the result of the pressure on the auditory nerve due to the deformity of its canal in the skull. Recurrent epistaxis (nosebleeds), bruising and edema (especially at the sight of fractures), difficulty tolerating high temperatures and mild hyperpyrexia are other symptoms. Thoracic deformities may impair chest expansion and the ability to effectively breath deeply and cough (Loeb, 755). Patients are also more susceptible to infection. In assessing a patient data is needed about the genetic history and birth of the child, as well as a complete development assessment from birth. Vital signs are taken, and periods of increased heart and respiratory rate and elevated body temperature are noteworthy. Skin should be examined for color, elasticity, translucency, and signs of edema and bruising. A description of position and appearance of a childs trunk and extremities and facial characteristics should be noted. The height of the child in terms of expected growth, signs of scoliosis or laxity of ligaments and range of motion of the joints are all important. Sight and hearing should be tested since there are sensory problems associated with OI. The appearance of the sclerae and tympanic membranes and defects of primary teeth and gums are important (Jackson, 1699). X-rays usually reveal a decrease in bone density. There is no consensus, however, as to whether the diagnosis can be made by microscopy of bone specimens. (Issel bacher, 2112) DNA sequencing and incubating skin fiboblasts are two ways help diagnose OI. Prenatal ultrasonography is used to detect severely affected fetuses at about 16 weeks of pregnancy. Diagnosis of the lethal type II by ultrasound during the second trimester of pregnancy is by the identification of fractures of the long bones. Compression of the fetal head is seen by ultrasound probe, and low echogeneity of the cranium can be signs of skeletal dysplasia (faulty development of the tissues). Diagnosis is confirmed by postmortem examination including biochemical studies of cultivated fibroblasts from the fetus (Berge, 321). Diagnosis by analyzing DNA sequencing can be carried out in chronic villa biopsies at 8-12 weeks. There is no known treatment of OI at this time. Treatment therefore is predominantly supportive and educational. Because of multiple fractures and bruising, it is important to diagnose this disease in order to prevent accusations of child abuse. Treatment of frac tures is often challenging because of abnormal bone structure and laxity of the ligaments. Splinting devices are used to stabilize the bones and to protect against additional fractures. Treatment aims to prevent deformities through use of traction and/or immobilization in order to aid in normal development and rehabilitation. Limb deformities and repeated fractures can be corrected by inserting telescoping rods that elongate with growth. After surgical placement of the rods, extensive post-operative care is required because greater amounts of blood and fluid are lost (Loeb, 755). It should be noted that the healing of fractures appear to be normal (Isselbacher, 2112). Braces, immobilizing devices and wheelchairs are necessary. Physical therapy is important in the treatment of OI. Bone fracture density in a unfractured bone is decreased when compared with age-matched controls due to limited exercise, so it is essential to stay as active as possible. Physical therapy is also used for strengthening muscle and preventing disuse fractures with exercises with light resistance, such as swimming. Regular dental visits are necessary to monitor the teeth. Monitoring by opthalmol-ogists for vision and audiologists for hearing is also essential. Radiologists need to examine the structure and density of the bones, and an orthopedist is needed to set fractures and take care of other bone-related problems. Counseling and emotional support is needed for both the patient and the family. It is important not to limit a child because of his/her disabilities, and to realize that many victims of this disease live successful lives. Debrah Morris, a successful business woman, and active fighter for disability rights and helping other patients of OI, says, If I had the choice to be anyone in the world, I would be exactly who I am. The people I have met, the challenges I have faced, the opportunities that I have been presented all are directly related to dealing with being a little person with brittle bones. (Kasper, 53) Many of the symptoms of OI can be confused with those of a battered child . X-rays are used to show evidence of old fractures and bone deformities to distinguish the difference. The Osteogenesis Imperfecta Foundation (OIF) has is a national support group that offers assistance to families in this position and to increase public awareness. The OIF has a medical advisory council, chapters, support groups, regional meetings, biennial national conferences, and parent contacts to help families feeling alone and helpless. They also publish a newsletter, provide literature and videos about OI, and sponsor a fund to support research. Magnesium oxide can be administered to decrease the fracture rate, as well as hyperpyrexia and constipation associated with this condition (Anderson, 1127). A high-protein, high-carbohydrate, high-vitamin diet is needed to promote healing. A growth hormone has also been administered during childhood, and is shown to substantially increase growth. Treatment with bisphosphorates and related agents has been discussed to decrease bone lo ss, but no controlled studies have been done (Isselbacher, 2113). .u9db4ebd3026535a6a4e825121c9cb547 , .u9db4ebd3026535a6a4e825121c9cb547 .postImageUrl , .u9db4ebd3026535a6a4e825121c9cb547 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9db4ebd3026535a6a4e825121c9cb547 , .u9db4ebd3026535a6a4e825121c9cb547:hover , .u9db4ebd3026535a6a4e825121c9cb547:visited , .u9db4ebd3026535a6a4e825121c9cb547:active { border:0!important; } .u9db4ebd3026535a6a4e825121c9cb547 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9db4ebd3026535a6a4e825121c9cb547 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9db4ebd3026535a6a4e825121c9cb547:active , .u9db4ebd3026535a6a4e825121c9cb547:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9db4ebd3026535a6a4e825121c9cb547 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9db4ebd3026535a6a4e825121c9cb547 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9db4ebd3026535a6a4e825121c9cb547 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9db4ebd3026535a6a4e825121c9cb547 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9db4ebd3026535a6a4e825121c9cb547:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9db4ebd3026535a6a4e825121c9cb547 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9db4ebd3026535a6a4e825121c9cb547 .u9db4ebd3026535a6a4e825121c9cb547-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9db4ebd3026535a6a4e825121c9cb547:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Religion bible1 EssaySince there is no cure for osteogenesis imperfecta, appropriate and properly timed rehabilitation intervention is of the utmost importance to ensure that the child is able to function to the best of his/her ability in society. A ten-year study that was submitted in 1992 proves this. 25 of 115 children with severe OI were observed since birth or infancy at the National Institutes of Health, MD and the Skeletal Dysplasia Clinic at the Childrens National Medical Center in D.C. One was Type I, two Type II, nine Type III, and thirteen Type IV. They were classified by physical characteristics and functional capacity:Group A consisted of those who were severe ly dwarfed with large heads and marked bowing , contractures, and weakness of extremities. The highest functional skill expected was independent sitting. Group B was growth deficient, but with a normal sized head. Femoral bowing, scoliosis, and contractures of the hip flexors were characteristics. they were expected to stand and/or ambulate with braces. Group C was less growth deficient, and had good strength, but poor endurance. They had marked joint laxity and poorly aligned lower extremity joints, but were ambulators (Binder, 386-387). Group A patients were the most severely involved. Most were basically sitters. The majority was totally dependent in their self-care. Group B had the potential to become at least short-distance ambulators. These patients had acquired the ability to move to sitting, but had transitional moving problems, such as sitting to standing. All were partially independent in their self-care. Group C had antigravity strength and 50% had good strength in their extremities. All were physically active and age-appropriately independent, but none were good long-distance walkers (Binder, 387-388). Progressive rehabilitation of these groups all included posture exercises and active range of motion and strengthening exercises. Group B had additional ROM and posture exercises, as well as developmental exercises. Group C added coordination activities (Binder, 388). Conclusion, Management of patients with OI should address the childs functional needs. Even though the degree of disability may be severe, management should not be limited to orthopedic procedures and bracing. Treatment planning should be considered, but not totally based on genetic, anatomical, and biochemical abnormalities. Our experience suggests that clinical grouping based in part on functional potential can be useful in the appropriate management of children with OI(Binder, 390). Independence was stressed in this study, and even patients with limited sitting ability, upper extremity function can be improved to at least minimal independence in self-help skills. Potential ambulators should be helped because, although their ability might not progress past indoor ambulation, walking will make them more independent and may result in increased bone mineralization. Poor joint alignment, poor balance, and low endurance can all be improved with persistent, individualized physical and oc cupational therapy. For best results, therapy should be started as soon after birth as possible. Mainstreaming school-aged children is also important. All of this together leads to age-appropriate social development and markedly improved independence and quality of life in the majority of patients(Binder, 390). Osteogenesis imperfecta is the most common genetic disorder of the bone. It occurs in about 1 in 20,000 live births, and is equally prevalent in all races and both sexes. The Type I OI has a population frequency of about 1 in 30,000. Type II has a birth incidence of about 1 in 60,000. Types III and IV are less common and may be as high as 1 in 20,000 (Isselbacher, 2111). The occurrence of OI in families with no history or blue sclerae is about 1 in 3,000,000 births (Smith, 1995, 171). The recurrence risks in families is estimated to be 6 to 10%, but is only estimated because most couples choose not to have any more children. 15 to 20% of patients with OI do not carry the gene for abnormal collagen, making many wonder if there is yet another genetic problem undiagnosed at this time (Smith, 1995, 172). Science Essays